Physical AI: Concepts, Techniques, and Challenges

arXiv:2610.27045 · 2026-10-21 공개 · arXiv · PDF

world-models robotics sim-to-real physical-ai embodied-foundation-models multimodal-perception hardware-software-co-design autonomous-services

Abstract

In recent years, physical artificial intelligence (physical AI) has experienced rapid development, capturing significant attention in academia and industry. However, the field has yet to reach consensus on its definition, technical landscape, and core challenges. To address this gap, this monograph seeks to define physical AI, present its technical landscape, and examine each key technical subfield in depth. In doing so, it establishes a unified framework for Physical AI: artificial systems that perceive, model, and act upon the physical world through continuous feedback under real-world constraints. Further, this monograph distinguishes physical AI from conventional digital AI, embodied AI, cyber-physical systems, and digital twins. It develops the foundations of physical AI across physics, control, cognition, learning, and reasoning. It reviews key methodologies, including multimodal perception, physical data and simulation, world models, embodied foundation models, motor-control systems, multi-agent coordination, and hardware-software co-design. Furthermore, it examines applications spanning robotics, manufacturing, infrastructure, scientific experimentation, and autonomous services. Particular attention is given to sim-to-real transfer, reliability, real-time execution, evaluation, safety, governance, and long-term deployment. By connecting perception, prediction, decision-making, action, and adaptation in a closed loop, this monograph identifies the technical challenges and research directions required to advance from narrow automation toward more generalizable physical AI and, ultimately, physical artificial general intelligence (Physical AGI).

한국어 요약

한 줄 요약

물리적 AI(Physical AI)는 실세계와 상호작용하는 인공 시스템의 통합 프레임워크를 제시하며, 모델 예측 제어(MPC), 하드웨어-소프트웨어 협업 설계 등 핵심 기술을 다룬다.

핵심 기여도

핵심 아이디어

물리적 AI는 디지털 AI와 달리, 실제 물리적 환경을 인식하고 모델링하며 행동하는 시스템을 다룬다. 이는 단순히 데이터를 처리하는 것이 아니라, 피드백 루프를 통해 환경에 적응하고 조정하는 것을 목표로 한다. 본 논문은 이 과정에서 **모델 예측 제어**(MPC)와 같은 알고리즘, **하드웨어-소프트웨어 공동 설계**, **전신 제어**(Whole-Body Control) 등이 핵심 역할을 한다고 강조한다. 특히, **헬릭스 02**(Helix 02) 시스템은 System 2-System 1-System 0 계층 구조를 통해 시맨틱 목표를 시각-모터 목표로 전환하고, 이를 제어 실행으로 연결하는 구체적 사례로 제시된다.

기술적 접근법

주요 결과

의의 및 한계

실용적 활용