CUA-Gym: Scaling Verifiable Training Environments and Tasks for Computer-Use Agents

Bowen Wang, Dunjie Lu, Junli Wang, Tianyi Bai, Shixuan Liu, Zhipeng Zhang, Haiquan Wang, Hao Hu, Tianbao Xie, Shuai Bai, Dayiheng Liu, Que Shen, Junyang Lin, Tao Yu

arXiv:2605.25624 · 2026-05-26 공개 · arXiv · PDF

reinforcement-learning verifiable-rewards llm-as-judge computer-use-agents osworld-verified gspo webarena task-instruction

Abstract

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has driven breakthroughs in domains such as math, tool-use, and software engineering, yet its extension to computer-use agents (CUAs) has been bottlenecked by the scarcity of scalable training data with deterministic rewards. Constructing such data for CUAs requires consistent task instruction, executable environment, and verifiable reward. However, hand-curated benchmarks achieve high reward fidelity but cover few applications and LLM-as-judge-based datasets scale broadly but lack reliable verification. We present CUA-Gym, a scalable pipeline that co-generates task instructions, environment states, and reward functions. Concretely, a Generator agent constructs the initial and golden environment states, and a separate Discriminator agent writes the reward function from the task specification. An orchestrator agent drives the two through iterative rounds upon execution. Generated tuples then pass a final filter combining LLM majority voting and agent rollouts, ensuring quality beyond the per-task adversarial loop. To address the scarcity of training environments, we further synthesize CUA-Gym-Hub, a broad suite of high-fidelity mock web applications grounded in real-world software-use distributions, expanding the scale of CUA RLVR data by magnitude. Using this pipeline, we construct CUA-Gym, a dataset of 32,112 verified RLVR training tuples grounded in 110 environments. Trained with GSPO on CUA-Gym, our CUA-Gym-A3B and CUA-Gym-A17B achieve 62.1% and 72.6% on OSWorld-Verified, outperforming prior open-source CUAs at comparable scales, with performance scaling smoothly in both data volume and environment diversity. The same checkpoints also improve on the held-out WebArena benchmark, indicating transfer beyond the training environments. We will open-source the full synthesis pipeline, dataset, CUA-Gym-Hub environments, and models.

한국어 요약

📋 한 줄 요약

**[Computer-Use Agent / RLVR 학습 데이터]** CUA-Gym이 task instruction·환경 상태·reward function을 공동 생성하는 파이프라인으로 110 환경·32,112 verified RLVR tuple 구축, OSWorld-Verified에서 A17B가 72.6% 달성.

🎯 핵심 기여도

💡 핵심 아이디어

CUA용 RLVR의 데이터 병목은 hand-curated 벤치(고충실·저커버리지)와 LLM-as-judge(고확장·저검증)의 양극단을 모두 회피하는 Generator·Discriminator·Orchestrator 3 에이전트 공동 생성 + 강한 filter로 해결할 수 있고, 환경 수·데이터 양에 따라 성능이 부드럽게 스케일된다.

🔬 기술적 접근법

📊 주요 결과

💭 의의 및 한계

**의의**: CUA RLVR의 데이터 병목 해결의 구체 레시피 제공, 환경·데이터·모델·파이프라인 모두 open-source로 커뮤니티 가속, mock web app 기반 확장이 cost-효율 cum 고충실, OSWorld·WebArena 동시 향상으로 전이성 입증. **한계**: 110 환경의 web 중심 — desktop·mobile OS 확장 추가 검증, mock app과 실제 SW의 격차, GSPO 의존도 분석 부재.

🚀 실용적 활용