PathCal: State-Aware Reflection-Marker Calibration for Efficient Reasoning

Lingyu Jiang, Zirui Li, Shuo Xing, Peiran Li, Tsubasa Takahashi, Dengzhe Hou, Zhengzhong Tu, Kazunori Yamada, Fangzhou Lin

arXiv:2605.23074 · 2026-05-25 공개 · arXiv · PDF

benchmark-evaluation chain-of-thought large-reasoning-models reasoning-calibration decoding-control test-time-control pathcal reflection-markers

Abstract

The emergence of Large Reasoning Language Models (LRMs) has paved the way for tackling complex reasoning tasks through test-time scaling by generating long-form Chain-of-Thought (CoT) trajectories during inference. Meanwhile, these trajectories often contain explicit reflection markers such as ``wait'', ``but'', and ``alternatively'', signaling hesitation, revision, and the consideration of alternative explorations, respectively. Recent studies on test-time control leverage such markers as lightweight handles for steering reasoning, typically treating them as a single coarse-grained category rather than distinguishing their distinct functional roles. In this paper, we conduct type-wise suppression and fixed-prefix intervention, revealing that reflection markers differ not only in their functional roles but also in when they exert the greatest influence. Specifically, different marker classes affect accuracy and generation length in distinct ways, and marker choices are most consequential before the model settles into a stable reasoning trajectory. Motivated by these findings, we introduce PathCal, a novel training-free decoding controller that calibrates reasoning paths by distinguishing marker types and intervening only at locally uncertain states. At each decoding step, PathCal utilizes the distribution over reflection-markers to estimate local competition between maintaining the current reasoning trajectory and initiating a competing branch, and softly rebalances marker logits when competing-branch evidence becomes excessive. Experiments across six reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that PathCal achieves a better efficiency--performance trade-off, improving or preserving accuracy while reducing generation length, without relying on external verifiers or additional sampling.

한국어 요약

📋 한 줄 요약

**[Reflection Marker Calibration]** PathCal이 reflection marker(wait·but·alternatively)를 type별로 구분하고 locally uncertain state에서만 logit을 soft rebalance — 학습 없이 reasoning length 줄이면서 정확도 보존·향상.

🎯 핵심 기여도

💡 핵심 아이디어

Reflection marker는 단일 카테고리가 아니라 각자 다른 functional role과 영향 시점을 가지며, 이를 구분해 locally uncertain한 시점에만 logit을 soft rebalance하면 외부 verifier·추가 sampling 없이 정확도·효율성 trade-off를 개선할 수 있다.

🔬 기술적 접근법

📊 주요 결과

💭 의의 및 한계

**의의**: Reflection marker의 다양성 차원에서의 첫 systematic 분석, training-free·verifier-free 효율 개선 방법, LRM 추론 비용 절감에 즉시 적용 가능. **한계**: 6 벤치마크 평가 범위, marker type 정의의 모델·언어 의존성, soft rebalance hyperparameter 튜닝 부담.

🚀 실용적 활용