Broadening Access to Transportation Safety Data with Generative AI: A Schema-Grounded Framework for Spatial Natural Language Queries

Mahdi Azhdari, Eric J. Gonzales

arXiv:2605.21712 · 2026-05-22 공개 · arXiv · PDF

llm generative-ai natural-language-interface transportation-safety spatial-queries rule-based-validation massachusetts-database gis

Abstract

Transportation safety analysis requires integrating crash records, roadway attributes, and geospatial data through GIS-based workflows, but access remains uneven across agencies and community stakeholders. Technical prerequisites create a gap between analytical tools central to safety planning and the practitioners able to use them. Local agencies, school committees, and residents may have safety concerns but limited capacity to retrieve, filter, map, and analyze relevant data. Generative AI offers a way to narrow this divide, but its public-sector use raises questions about reliability, reproducibility, and governance. This paper presents a schema-grounded natural language interface for transportation safety analysis, using a large language model (LLM) to interpret user intent while preserving deterministic, reviewable execution against an authoritative database. User queries are translated into structured semantic frames, validated by a rule-based layer, compiled into a typed directed acyclic graph of spatial operations, and executed against a PostGIS database. This bounded design separates language interpretation from deterministic execution, keeping results reproducible and schema-grounded while removing access barriers. The framework is evaluated using a statewide Massachusetts transportation safety database integrating crash records, roadway attributes, and geospatial layers including schools, bus stops, crosswalks, and municipal boundaries. All queries executed successfully; the validation layer corrects errors in 29% of evaluation queries, reflecting the gap between flexible natural language and strict schema-grounded requirements. The results suggest that combining natural language accessibility with deterministic execution is a practical direction for broadening access to transportation safety data, with implications for trustworthy AI in public-sector planning.

한국어 요약

📋 한 줄 요약

**[교통 안전 / Schema-Grounded NL Interface]** LLM이 의도 해석하고 rule-based validation·typed DAG·PostGIS 결정론적 실행으로 분리한 framework로 매사추세츠 전주 교통안전 DB의 자연어 질의 100% 성공·29% query에서 validation 오류 자동 교정.

🎯 핵심 기여도

💡 핵심 아이디어

공공부문 generative AI의 신뢰성·접근성 trade-off는 LLM의 유연한 의도 해석을 typed DAG·schema validation의 결정론적 실행과 명시적으로 분리함으로써 동시 달성 가능하며, 이로써 비전문가의 데이터 접근을 reproducible하게 확장할 수 있다.

🔬 기술적 접근법

📊 주요 결과

💭 의의 및 한계

**의의**: 공공부문 generative AI 도입의 trustworthy 설계 청사진, 교통 안전 의사결정의 형평성 확장, NL 접근성과 결정론적 실행의 양립 가능성 입증. **한계**: 단일 주(매사추세츠) DB로 평가하여 다른 주·국가 schema로 일반화 미검증, validation rule 구축의 도메인 전문가 의존, 29% 교정률은 자연어 ambiguity의 잔존 부담을 시사.

🚀 실용적 활용