The Annotation Scarcity Paradox in Low-Resource NLP Evaluation: A Decade of Acceleration and Emerging Constraints

Vukosi Marivate

arXiv:2605.19066 · 2026-05-20 공개 · arXiv · PDF

active-learning low-resource-nlp evaluation-paradigm data-sovereignty benchmark-scaling epistemic-validity item-response-theory cross-lingual-transfer

Abstract

Over the past decade, low-resource natural language processing (NLP) has experienced explosive growth, propelled by cross-lingual transfer, massively multilingual models, and the rapid proliferation of benchmarks. Yet this apparent progress masks a critical, insufficiently examined tension: the deep sociolinguistic expertise required to evaluate increasingly complex generative systems is severely strained, inequitably distributed, and structurally marginalised. We present a critical narrative survey of low-resource NLP evaluation (2014--present), tracing its evolution across three phases: early heuristic optimism, the illusions of top-down benchmark scaling, and the current era of generative bottlenecks. We conceptualise the \emph{Annotation Scarcity Paradox}, the structural friction arising when the technical capacity to scale models vastly outpaces the sovereign human infrastructure required to authentically evaluate them. By examining extractive data pipelines, undercompensated ``ghost work'', and language data flaring, we argue that this paradox threatens the epistemic validity of reported progress. We survey emerging responses -- including data augmentation, model-based evaluation, participatory curation, and annotation-efficient approaches via item response theory and active learning -- and assess their equity and validity trade-offs. We close with a practitioner call to action, arguing that overcoming this bottleneck requires a paradigm shift from transactional data extraction to relational, community-embedded evaluation rooted in epistemic governance, data sovereignty, and shared ownership.

한국어 요약

📋 한 줄 요약

**[저자원 NLP 평가 / 비판적 서베이]** 저자원 NLP 평가의 10년을 추적하며 모델 확장이 인간 평가 인프라를 능가하는 "주석 희소성 역설"을 정식화.

🎯 핵심 기여도

💡 핵심 아이디어

저자원 NLP의 진보는 모델 능력이 아니라 평가 인프라의 한계에 의해 결정되며, 이는 단순 자원 부족이 아니라 데이터 추출 관행·노동 불평등·인식적 정당성이라는 구조적 문제다.

🔬 기술적 접근법

📊 주요 결과

💭 의의 및 한계

**의의**: 저자원 NLP 평가 논의를 기술 문제에서 윤리·거버넌스·데이터 주권 문제로 확장하는 비판적 토대 제공. **한계**: 서베이 성격으로 정량적 베이스라인 비교보다 비판적 분석에 무게, 제시된 paradigm shift의 실증은 후속 과제.

🚀 실용적 활용