Mixed Integer Goal Programming for Personalized Meal Optimization with User-Defined Serving Granularity

Francisco Aguilera Moreno

arXiv:2605.13849 · 2026-05-16 공개 · arXiv · PDF

integer-programming mixed-integer-goal-programming personalized-meal-optimization nutritional-requirements serving-granularity goal-programming diet-optimization usda-foods

Abstract

Determining what to eat to satisfy nutritional requirements is one of the oldest optimization problems in operations research, yet existing formulations have two persistent limitations: continuous variables produce impractical fractional servings (1.7 eggs, 0.37 bananas), and hard nutrient constraints cause infeasibility when targets conflict. A systematic review of 56 diet optimization papers found that none combine integer programming with goal programming to address both issues. We propose Mixed Integer Goal Programming (MIGP) for personalized meal optimization. The formulation uses integer variables for practical serving counts and goal programming deviations for soft nutrient targets, with inverse-target normalization to balance multi-nutrient optimization. Per-food serving granularity allows natural units (one egg, one tablespoon of oil) without post-hoc rounding. We characterize the integrality gap in the goal programming context and identify a deviation absorption property: GP deviation variables buffer the cost of requiring integer servings, making the gap structurally smaller than in hard-constraint MIP. For meals with 15+ foods, the integer solution matches the continuous optimum in every benchmark instance. A computational evaluation across 810 instances (30 USDA foods, 9 configurations, 3 methods) shows MIGP finds strictly better solutions than GP with post-hoc rounding in 66% of cases (never worse) while maintaining 100% feasibility; hard-constraint IP achieves only 48%. Solve times stay under 100 ms for typical meal sizes using the open-source HiGHS solver. The implementation is available as an open-source Python module integrated into an interactive meal planning application.

한국어 요약

📋 한 줄 요약

**[Operations Research / Personalized Optimization]** 1.7개 달걀 같은 비현실적 분수 해와 제약 충돌로 인한 비실행 가능성을 동시에 해결하는 정수–목표 계획법(MIGP) 기반 개인 맞춤 식단 최적화 프레임워크를 제안한다.

🎯 핵심 기여도

💡 핵심 아이디어

식단 최적화의 두 고질적 문제—분수 서빙과 제약 충돌로 인한 infeasibility—를 정수 변수와 목표 편차 변수의 결합으로 동시에 해결한다. 핵심 통찰은 goal programming의 편차 변수가 정수화로 인한 손실을 흡수해 integrality gap을 줄여준다는 점이다.

🔬 기술적 접근법

📊 주요 결과

💭 의의 및 한계

**의의**: 영양·운영연구 양쪽 측면에서 실용 단위로 신뢰 가능한 개인 맞춤 식단 최적화 가능성을 입증, 오픈소스 모듈로 인터랙티브 앱에 통합. **한계**: 30 음식 단위의 평가 규모, 음식 가격·기호·조리시간 같은 추가 현실 제약은 향후 과제.

🚀 실용적 활용