CHAL: Council of Hierarchical Agentic Language

Tommaso Giovannelli, Griffin D. Kent

arXiv:2605.12718 · 2026-05-14 공개 · arXiv · PDF

multi-agent-debate value-systems defeasible-argumentation bayesian-architecture gradient-informed ai-transparency epistemology logic-ethics

Abstract

Multi-agent debate has emerged as a promising approach for improving LLM reasoning on ground-truth tasks, yet current methodologies face certain structural limitations: debate tends to induce a martingale over belief trajectories, majority voting accounts for most observed gains, and LLMs exhibit confidence escalation rather than calibration across rounds. We argue that the genuine value of debate, and dialectic systems as a whole, lies not in ground-truth tasks but in defeasible domains, where every position can in principle be defeated by better reasoning. We present the Council of Hierarchical Agentic Language (CHAL), a multi-agent dialectic framework that treats defeasible argumentation as an engine for belief optimization. Each agent maintains a CHAL Belief Schema (CBS), a graph-structured belief representation with a Bayesian-inspired architecture, that facilitates belief revision through a gradient-informed dynamic mechanism by leveraging the strength of the belief's thesis as a differentiable objective. Meta-cognitive value systems spanning epistemology, logic, and ethics are elevated to configurable hyperparameters governing agent reasoning and adjudication outcomes. We provide a series of ablation experiments that demonstrate systematic and interpretable effects: the adjudicator's value system determines the debate's overall trajectories in latent belief space, council diversity refines beliefs for all participants, and the framework generalizes across broad fields. CHAL is, to our knowledge, the first framework to treat multi-agent debate as structured belief optimization over defeasible domains. Further, the auditable belief artifacts it produces establish the foundation for dedicated evaluation suites for defeasible argumentation, with broader implications for building AI systems whose reasoning and value commitments are transparent, aligned, and subject to human oversight.

한국어 요약

📋 한 줄 요약

**[Multi-Agent LLM / 변증법적 추론]** 정답이 있는 과업이 아닌 defeasible domain에서 belief optimization을 수행하는 계층적 에이전트 변증법 프레임워크 CHAL 제안.

🎯 핵심 기여도

💡 핵심 아이디어

토론을 정답 추구의 도구로 보지 말고, defeasible 영역에서 belief를 최적화하는 엔진으로 재정의한다. belief를 그래프와 미분 가능 강도로 표현하면 의견 변경 자체가 학습 가능한 동작이 된다.

🔬 기술적 접근법

📊 주요 결과

💭 의의 및 한계

**의의**: 멀티에이전트 토론을 belief 최적화로 재정의해 defeasible 영역의 평가·정렬 토대를 마련하고, auditable belief artifact로 투명한 추론 검증을 가능케 함. **한계**: defeasible 도메인의 객관적 평가 메트릭 부재, value system을 hyperparameter로 노출하는 것의 윤리적·정치적 함의가 큼.

🚀 실용적 활용